(R)-(+)-EtomoxirsodiumsaltisR-formofEtomoxirsodiumsalt.Etomoxirisapotentinhibitorofcarnitinepalmitoyltransferase-I(CPT-1).

CPT-1^[1]

(R)-(+)-EtomoxirsodiumsaltisR-formofEtomoxirsodiumsalt.EtomoxirbindsirreversIBLytothecatalyticsiteofCPT-1inhibitingitsactivity,butalsoupregulatesfattyacidoxidationenzymes.Etomoxirisdevelopedasaninhibitorofthemitochondrialcarnitinepalmitoyltransferase-1(CPT-1)locatedontheoutermitochondrialmembrane.Etomoxir,inthelivercanactasperoxisomalproliferator,increasingDNAsynthesisandlivergrowth.Thus,etomoxir,inadditionofbeingaCPT1inhibitorcouldbeconsideredasaPPARalphaagoNIST^[1].EtomoxirisamemberoftheoxiranecarboxylicacidcarnitinepalmitoyltransferaseIinhibitorsandhasbeensuggestedasatherapeuticagentforthetreatmentofheartfailure.AcuteEtomoxirtreatmentirreversiblyinhibitstheactivityofcarnitinepalmitoyltransferaseI.Asaresult,fattyacidimportintothemitochondriaandβ-oxidationisreduced,whereascytosolicfattyacidaccumulatesandglucoseoxidationiselevated.Prolongedincubation(24h)withEtomoxirproducesdiverseeffectsontheexpressionofseveralmetabolicenzyme^[2].

(R)-(+)-EtomoxirsodiumsaltisR-formofEtomoxirsodiumsalt.Etomoxirisaninhibitoroffreefattyacid(FFA)oxidation-relatedkeyenzymeCPT1.P53interactsdirectlywithBax,whichisinhibitedbyEtomoxir,furtherconfirmingthedirectinteractionofP53andBax,andtheinvolvementofFAO-mediatedmitochondrialROSgenerationindb/dbmice^[3].RatsareinjecteddailywithEtomoxir,aspecificCPT-Iinhibitor,for8daysat20mg/kgofbodymass.Etomoxir-treatedratsdisplaya44%reducedcardiacCPT-Iactivity.ThetreatmentofLewisratsfor8dayswith20mg/kgEtomoxirdoesnotalterbloodglucose,whichisinlinewithcomparableetomoxir-feedingstudies.Similarly,Etomoxirfeedingdoesnotaffectgeneralgrowthcharacteristicssuchasgaininbodymass,nordoesitaffecthindlimbmusclemass.However,heartmassandlivermassarebothsignificantlyincreasedby11%inEtomoxir-treatedrats^[4].

• [1].RuppH,etal.Theuseofpartialfattyacidoxidationinhibitorsformetabolictherapyofanginapectorisandheartfailure.Herz.2002Nov;27(7):621-36.

  [2].XuFY,etal.EtomoxirmediatesdifferentialmetabolicchannelingoffattyacidandglycerolprecursorsintocardiolipininH9c2cells.JLipidRes.2003Feb;44(2):415-23.

  [3].LiJ,etal.FFA-ROS-P53-mediatedmitochondrialapoptosiscontributestoreductionofosteoblastogenesisandbonemassintype2diabetesmellitus.SciRep.2015Jul31;5:12724.

  [4].LuikenJJ,etal.Etomoxir-inducedpartialcarnitinepalmitoyltransferase-I(CPT-I)inhibitioninvivodoesnotaltercardiaclong-chainfattyaciduptakeandoxidationrates.BiochemJ.2009Apr15;419(2):447-55.

EtomoxirisdissolvedinDMSOandstored,andthendilutedwithappropriatemediumbeforeuse^[2].

RatheartH9c2myoblasticcellsareincubatedinDMEMcontaining10%fetalbovineserumuntilnearconfluence.Insomeexperiments,cellsarepreincubatedfor2hwithDMEM(serum-free)intheabsenceorpresenceof1-80μMEtomoxirandthenincubatedfor2hwith0.1mM[1-¹⁴C]oleicacid(10μCi/dish,bindstoBSAina1:1molarratio).Inotherexperiments,cellsarepreincubatedfor2hplusorminus40μMEtomoxirandthenincubatedfor2hwith0.1μMor0.1mM[1,3-³H]glycerol(10μCi/dish),0.1mM[1-¹⁴C]oleicacid(2μCi/dish,bindstoBSAina1:1molarratio),0.1mM[1-¹⁴C]palmiticacid(2μCi/dish,bindstoBSAina1:1molarratio),28μM[³H]ethanolamine(2μCi/dish),28μM[methyl-³H]choline(2μCi/dish),0.4mM[³H]serine(20μCi/dish),or40μMmyo-[³H]inositol(10μCi/dish).Themediumisremovedandthecellswashedtwicewithice-coldsalineandthenharvestedfromthedishwith2mLmethanol-water(1:1,v/v)forlipidextraction.AnaliquotofthehomogenateistakenforthedeterminationoftotaluptakeofrADIoactivityintocells.Phospholipidsarethenisolatedandradioactivityinthesedetermined^[2].MCEhasnotindependentlyconfirmedtheaccuracyofthesemethods.Theyareforreferenceonly.

Etomoxirisdissolvedin0.9%(w/v)NaCl(Rat)^[4].

Mice^[3]
80maleC57BLKS/Jlar-Lepr^db/dbmiceand20wildtypelittermates(8week)areused.db/dbmicearerandomlydividedintofourgroups:db/dbgroup,Etomoxirgroup,MitoQgroup,andPFT-αgroup.IntheEtomoxirgroup,miceareintraperitoneallyinjectedwith1mg/kgEtomoxirtwiceeveryweek.IntheMitoQgroup,50μMMitoQisgiventothemiceinwater.Waterbottles,containingeitherMitoQ,arecoveredwithaluminumfoil,andallbottlesarerefilledevery3days.InthePFT-αgroup,miceareintraperitoneallyinjectedwith1mg/kgPFT-αtwiceeveryweek.WTmiceareadministratedwithvehicleinstead.Theexperimentalperiodis8weeks.Attheend,peripheralbloodsamplesandbonemarrowcellsareharvestedfortheassays.
Rat^[4]
MaleLewisrats,weighing150-200g,areusedinthepresentstudy.Animalsarekeptona12h:12hlight/darkcycleandfedaPurinaChowdietandwateradlibitum.Theratsaredividedintotwogroups:(1)controland(2)Etomoxir.Etomoxir(20mg/kgofbodyweight)isdissolvedin0.9%(w/v)NaClandadministeredintraperitoneallyfor8days.Controlratsreceivesaline.Thelastinjectionisgiven24hbeforetheexperiment.Animalsareanaesthetizedwithanintraperitonealinjectionofanembutalandheparin(3:1)mixture.Subsequently,theheartisremovedforLCFAuptakestudiesandforanalysesoftransporterproteincontents.MCEhasnotindependentlyconfirmedtheaccuracyofthesemethods.Theyareforreferenceonly.

• [1].RuppH,etal.Theuseofpartialfattyacidoxidationinhibitorsformetabolictherapyofanginapectorisandheartfailure.Herz.2002Nov;27(7):621-36.

  [2].XuFY,etal.EtomoxirmediatesdifferentialmetabolicchannelingoffattyacidandglycerolprecursorsintocardiolipininH9c2cells.JLipidRes.2003Feb;44(2):415-23.

  [3].LiJ,etal.FFA-ROS-P53-mediatedmitochondrialapoptosiscontributestoreductionofosteoblastogenesisandbonemassintype2diabetesmellitus.SciRep.2015Jul31;5:12724.

  [4].LuikenJJ,etal.Etomoxir-inducedpartialcarnitinepalmitoyltransferase-I(CPT-I)inhibitioninvivodoesnotaltercardiaclong-chainfattyaciduptakeandoxidationrates.BiochemJ.2009Apr15;419(2):447-55.

320.74

C₁₅H₁₈ClNaO₄

828934-41-4

4°C,storedundernitrogen

RoomtemperatureincontinentalUS;mayvaryelsewhere

H₂O:80mg/mL(Needwarming)

*"<1 mg/ml"="" means="" slightly="" soluble="" or="" insoluble.="" "≥"="" means="" soluble,="" but="" saturation="">

Purity:99.94%

SelectBatch:HY-50202A-24552HY-50202A-12650

DataSheet(122KB)SDS(120KB)

COA(92KB)HNMR(487KB)RP-HPLC(149KB)

HandlingInstructions(1252KB)

• [1].RuppH,etal.Theuseofpartialfattyacidoxidationinhibitorsformetabolictherapyofanginapectorisandheartfailure.Herz.2002Nov;27(7):621-36.

  [2].XuFY,etal.EtomoxirmediatesdifferentialmetabolicchannelingoffattyacidandglycerolprecursorsintocardiolipininH9c2cells.JLipidRes.2003Feb;44(2):415-23.

  [3].LiJ,etal.FFA-ROS-P53-mediatedmitochondrialapoptosiscontributestoreductionofosteoblastogenesisandbonemassintype2diabetesmellitus.SciRep.2015Jul31;5:12724.

  [4].LuikenJJ,etal.Etomoxir-inducedpartialcarnitinepalmitoyltransferase-I(CPT-I)inhibitioninvivodoesnotaltercardiaclong-chainfattyaciduptakeandoxidationrates.BiochemJ.2009Apr15;419(2):447-55.

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